ShutTongue

Ren Essential Moroccan Rose Oil

2006-12-07T00:40:00.000-08:00

This is one of the most amazing natural bath oils I have used. It is a rich, sensuous and luxurious. Only a small amount of the Moroccan Otto Rose Oil in the bath will fill the room with this incredible smell. This rose oil really penetrates the skin during the bath leaving it soft as silk and with the beatiful scent of the rose oil

Corbeil-essonnes

2005-04-04T02:43:00.000-07:00

Town, Essonne département, Paris region, north central France, at the confluence of the Seine and Essonnes rivers, just southeast of Paris. Corbeil and Essonnes, formerly separate towns, were united in 1951. Corbeil (ancient Corbilium) has a 14th-century gate and the medieval church of Saint-Spire (originally an abbey). An independent county in the Carolingian period, it was annexed

Water Snake

2005-04-03T07:07:00.000-07:00

Any member of the genus Natrix, family Colubridae, and similar snakes. The 65 to 80 species of Natrix occur on all continents except South America. Some authorities place the New World species in several genera, the largest of which is Nerodia. Most water snakes have dark blotches or dorsal streaks on their stout bodies, and the scales are keeled. They are semiaquatic, preying

Janácek, Leo

2005-04-03T03:43:00.000-07:00

Janácek was a choirboy at Brno and studied at the Prague, Leipzig, and Vienna conservatories. In 1881 he founded a college of organists at Brno, which he directed until 1920. He directed the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra from 1881 to 1888 and in

Qatar

2005-04-02T14:21:00.000-08:00

Comparative coverage with the other Persian Gulf states is provided by Helen Chapin Metz (ed.), Persian Gulf States: Country Studies, 3rd ed. (1994); F. Gregory Gause, III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (1994); Rosemarie Said Zahlan, The Making of the Modern Gulf States, rev. and updated ed. (1998); Khaldoun Hasan al-Naqeeb, Society and State in the Gulf and Arab Peninsula: A Different Perspective, trans. from Arabic (1990); and Michael Herb, All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies (1999). Historical overviews are found in Frederick F. Anscombe, The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar (1997); and Rosemarie Said Zahlan, The Creation of Qatar (1979). Sources on social conditions include Klaus Ferdinand, Bedouins of Qatar, trans. from Danish (1993); and Abeer Abu Saud, Qatari Women: Past and Present (1984). Ragaei El Mallakh, Qatar: Energy and Development (1985); and Zuhair Ahmed Nafi, Economic and Social Development in Qatar (1983), examine economic issues. Nathan J. Brown, The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf (1997), is a study of the judicial system. An analysis of historical and contemporary politics is provided by Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar, updated ed. (1995).

Wellesz, Egon (joseph)

2005-04-02T11:22:00.000-08:00

A pupil of Guido Adler in musicology and of Arnold Schoenberg in composition, Wellesz taught at the University of Vienna (1930–38) before settling in England (1939), where he became an influential teacher at the University of Oxford. His scholarly

Arcturus

2005-04-01T01:46:00.000-08:00

Also called Alpha Boötis one of the five brightest stars in the night sky, and the brightest star in the northern constellation Boötes, with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.00. It is an orange-coloured giant star about 40 light-years from the Earth. It lies in an almost direct line with the tail of Ursa Major (the Great Bear); hence its name, derived from the Greek words for “bear guard.”

Aznar, José María

2005-03-31T00:30:00.000-08:00

In 1975, during Spain's transition to democracy, José Marí

Augereau, Pierre-françois-charles, Duc De Castiglione

2005-03-30T04:53:00.000-08:00

The son of a poor Parisian servant, Augereau turned to a military career at the age of 17, served in several foreign armies, and returned to France in 1792. He quickly advanced in rank and by 1793 was general of a division stationed

Amara, Lucine

2005-03-30T03:08:00.000-08:00

Amara studied singing in San Francisco, where she sang in the chorus of the San Francisco Opera (1945–46) and made her concert debut at the War Memorial Opera House (c. 1946). She continued her studies at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara, Calif. (1947), and won a contest leading to an

Berchtesgaden

2005-03-29T11:41:00.000-08:00

Town, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany, situated on the Berchtesgaden Stream in a deep valley surrounded on three sides by Austrian territory. The opening of its salt mines in the 12th century was the beginning of many centuries of bitter rivalry with Salzburg and Hallein. From 1300 the town was ruled by the provosts of its Augustinian abbey (founded c. 1102), who became princes

Jaboatão

2005-03-29T08:53:00.000-08:00

City, eastern Pernambuco estado (“state”), northeastern Brazil, on the Jaboatão River, 148 feet (45 m) above sea level and just west of Recife, the state capital. The site of two battles in the 17th-century war of the Portuguese against the Dutch, Jaboatão was elevated to city status in 1884. It is now the commercial centre of an agricultural region in which cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, and rice

Bara

2005-03-29T02:48:00.000-08:00

Traditionally a bellicose people, the Bara lived in a great many independent groups based on lineage identity. Five main kinship groups exist, and formerly the Bara had two kingdoms, one of which survived until it was disbanded by the French. The Bara

Frederick William Iii

2005-03-26T20:44:00.000-08:00

His policy of neutrality in the Wars of the Second

Jaboatão

2005-03-26T06:44:00.000-08:00

French Cour internationale de Justice, byname World Court the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). The idea for the creation of an international court to arbitrate international disputes first arose during the various conferences that produced the Hague Conventions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The body subsequently established, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, was the precursor of the Permanent

Kudamatsu

2005-03-26T01:43:00.000-08:00

Kudamatsu revived during World War I as an industrial city, assisted by its natural

Arizona, Cultural life

2005-03-25T22:26:00.000-08:00

Although traditionally a centre for Indian folk arts and crafts, Arizona has had no circles of painters and writers comparable to those of neighbouring New Mexico. Interest in painting, crafts, drama, music, and publishing, however, has increased with population growth. Architecture and the graphic arts have been particularly influenced by Southwestern regional

Tasmania, Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

2005-03-25T20:44:00.000-08:00

Less than a third of Tasmania's area is agricultural land; almost all of it is used for grazing; just under half is sown pasture, and the rest is used for rough grazing or is open forest. Crops occupy only 4 percent of agricultural land but contribute one-third of the total value of agricultural production. Seasonal irrigation, mainly spray for crops and some pasture, is

Munch, Peter Rochegune

2005-03-24T03:24:00.000-08:00

After a career as a historian of modern Europe, Munch entered the Danish Parliament in 1909 as a member of the Radical Party. In the same year he became minister

Sicyon

2005-03-23T23:01:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Secyon, Modern Greek Sikión, ancient Greek city in the northern Peloponnese about 11 miles (18 km) northwest of Corinth. Inhabited in Mycenaean times and later invaded by Dorians, Sicyon was subject to Argos for several centuries. In the 7th century BC, Sicyonian independence was established by non-Dorian tyrants, the Orthagorids. Under the Orthagorid ruler Cleisthenes (grandfather of the Athenian

Koch, Ilsa

2005-03-23T17:35:00.000-08:00

A sometime librarian, in 1936 Ilsa married SS Colonel Karl Koch, then commander of the Sachsenhausen camp. In 1939 he was transferred to Buchenwald, where she acquired the reputation of a sadist and nymphomaniac, beating

Arupa-loka

2005-03-23T04:08:00.000-08:00

In arupa-loka, existence depends on the stage

Czech Republic, Flag Of The

2005-03-21T22:19:00.000-08:00

The ancient duchy (later kingdom) of Bohemia, a rich and powerful state in the late Middle Ages, had a coat of arms dating from the 12th century that showed a double-tailed and crowned lion, in white, rampant on a red shield. For centuries, however, Bohemia was part of the Holy Roman Empire and, later, Austria-Hungary. As it was not independent, it had no recognized need for a national

Bijapur

2005-03-21T00:22:00.000-08:00

City, northern Karnataka (formerly Mysore) state, southern India. An important site of medieval Indian Islamic architecture, it was formerly called Vijayapura (meaning “city of victory”) and was an important community under the Yadava dynasty for more than a century until 1294, when it became a provincial capital of the Bahmani. In 1489 with the advent of Yusuf 'Adil Shah, the first 'Adil

Tasmania, Education

2005-03-20T21:38:00.000-08:00

School attendance is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 16. Government-supported schools include infant, primary (some with preschool facilities), area, district, and high schools (nonselective, comprehensive, mostly coeducational), together with matriculation colleges (secondary colleges that prepare students in their final one or two years for the

Wang An-shih

2005-03-19T21:31:00.000-08:00

Wang emerged from a rising new group of southern bureaucrats with a strong utilitarian bent, who challenged

Farinati, Paolo

2005-03-19T04:29:00.000-08:00

Farinati's father, Giovanni Battista, was also a painter and may have been his first master; later he probably worked under Nicolò Giolfino. Farinati was active almost entirely in Verona. According to Carlo Ridolfi, a Madonna painted by Farinati attracted the

Rockefeller, John D., Jr.

2005-03-18T15:35:00.000-08:00

After graduation from Brown University in 1897, he joined his father in business but never assumed

Tung-t'ing Lake

2005-03-17T23:14:00.000-08:00

Wade–Giles romanization Tung-t'ing Hu, Pinyin Dongting Hu, large lake in northern Hunan Province, China. It lies in a basin to the south of the Yangtze River. The lake is connected to the Yangtze by four channels; some 40 percent of the river's waters (more in flood periods) flow into the lake. The lake is also fed from the south by almost the entire drainage of Hunan Province, with the Hsiang River flowing in from the south and the Tzu,

Hook, Theodore Edward

2005-03-17T19:28:00.000-08:00

The son of a popular songwriter, Hook, while a schoolboy at Harrow, had written the words for his father's comic operas and, by the age of 16, had become well

China, Attacks on party members

2005-03-17T07:16:00.000-08:00

Gradual transference of the revolution to top echelons of the party was managed by a group centred on Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng, and Chen Boda. In May 1966 Mao secretly assigned major responsibilities to the army in cultural and educational affairs. Another purpose of the Cultural Revolution, as then conceived, would be a “revolution in the

Eastern Africa, History Of, The Solomonids

2005-03-17T04:20:00.000-08:00

American cable television network and multimedia group providing news, entertainment, and other programming developed primarily for African American viewers. BET also operates a jazz network, BET Jazz, features contemporary music through BET Gospel and BET Hip-Hop, produces documentaries and movies for distribution on the BET channel, and sponsors the BET

Hoosac Tunnel

2005-03-15T11:28:00.000-08:00

The first major rock tunnel built in the United States. The tunnel runs through Hoosac Mountain of the Berkshire Hills, east of North Adams, Mass., and was built to provide a rail connection between Boston and upper New York state. Though only 4.75 miles (7.6 km) long, the tunnel took 24 years (1851–75) to complete, partly because of slow and laborious rock-tunneling techniques in use when construction

Performing Arts, World Dance

2005-03-15T07:53:00.000-08:00

Popular folk dance troupes from the former Soviet Union toured the United States and Europe in 2002 and showed that they had lost none of their verve or attraction. Remarkably, the companies were headed by legendary figures active into their 90s. The Moiseyev Dance Company was created in 1937 by choreographer Igor Moiseyev, and in 2002, aged 95, he was still involved with the company.

Bara, Theda

2005-03-15T02:36:00.000-08:00

Theodosia Goodman attended the University of Cincinnati in 1903–05. In New York City she tried briefly

Rollinia

2005-03-14T08:15:00.000-08:00

Genus of 65 tropical American trees and shrubs belonging to the family Annonaceae (order Magnoliales). Many have edible fruits similar in flavour and appearance to those of the genus Annona. Two species (R. mucosa and R. pulchrinervis), both called biriba by some authorities, are cultivated for their fruit. Most species of Rollinia are spined or segmented, green-skinned,

Mädler, Johann Heinrich Von

2005-03-13T21:02:00.000-08:00

German astronomer who (with Wilhelm Beer) published the most complete map of the Moon of the time, Mappa Selenographica, 4 vol. (1834–36). It was the first lunar map to be divided into quadrants, and it remained unsurpassed in its detail until J.F. Julius Schmidt's map of 1878. The Mappa Selenographica was accompanied in 1837 by a volume providing

Schäffle, Albert

2005-03-13T00:35:00.000-08:00

Schäffle became a professor of political economy at Tübingen (1860) and later Vienna (1868). He was a member of the Württemberg Landtag (assembly)

Quadruple Alliance

2005-03-12T03:43:00.000-08:00

Alliance formed on April 22, 1834, between Britain, France, and the more liberal claimants to the thrones of Spain and Portugal against the conservative claimants to those thrones. The alliance successfully supported Maria Cristiana, who was acting as regent for Isabella II in Spain and had allied herself with the liberals against the pretender Don Carlos in the First

Wilder, Billy

2005-03-12T02:47:00.000-08:00

Wilder attended Viennese schools, including the University of Vienna (which he left

Earth, Paleoclimatological data

2005-03-11T20:32:00.000-08:00

Alfred Wegener was a meteorologist who was particularly interested in the study of ancient climates (paleoclimatology). He noticed that sedimentary rocks indicative of having been deposited in warm climates are now found in cold climates and vice versa. He felt that these observations were best explained if the continents had moved relative to each other and

Clapham Sect

2005-03-11T02:57:00.000-08:00

Group of evangelical Christians, prominent in England from about 1790 to 1830, who campaigned for the abolition of slavery and promoted missionary work at home and abroad. The group centred on the church of John Venn, rector of Clapham in south London. Its members included William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton, James Stephen, Zachary Macaulay, and others. Many were members of

Hinayana

2005-03-10T23:02:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: “Lesser Vehicle”), the more orthodox, conservative schools of Buddhism; the name Hinayana was applied to these schools by the followers of the Mahayana Buddhist tradition in ancient India. The name reflected the Mahayanists' evaluation of their own tradition as a superior method, surpassing the others in universality and compassion; but the name was not accepted

Anquetil-duperron, A(braham)-h(yacinthe)

2005-03-10T08:55:00.000-08:00

At the University of Paris, Anquetil mastered Hebrew as his first Eastern language; later, he added Persian and

Turin, University Of

2005-03-09T15:45:00.000-08:00

Italian Università Degli Studi Di Torino, autonomous coeducational state institution of higher learning in Turin, Italy, that was founded in 1404. Erasmus was a graduate of the school in 1506. The university was reorganized and reestablished in 1713. An Institute of Business and Economics was added in 1906, a veterinary medicine faculty was added in 1934, and faculties of agriculture, pharmacy, and commerce were added in 1935. Among the

France, History Of, Constitution of the Fourth Republic

2005-03-09T13:22:00.000-08:00

It soon became clear that the apparent unity forged in the Resistance was superficial and that the new political elite was sharply divided over the form of the new republic. Some urged the need for greater stability through a strong executive; others, notably the Communists, favoured concentrating power in a one-house legislature subject to grass-roots control

Thomas Cup

2005-03-08T14:09:00.000-08:00

Trophy signifying world supremacy in the sport of badminton. The cup was donated in 1939 by Sir George Thomas for a series of men's international team competitions to be managed by the International Badminton Federation (IBF), of which Thomas was then president. The first tournament was held in 1948–49 and won by Malaya. Tournaments are held every two years.

Aesthetics, Three approaches to aesthetics

2005-03-08T05:17:00.000-08:00

1. The study of the aesthetic concepts, or, more specifically, the analysis of the “language of criticism,” in which particular judgments are singled out and their logic and justification displayed. In his famous treatise On the Sublime and Beautiful (1757), Edmund Burke attempted

Bashi-bazouk

2005-03-07T09:32:00.000-08:00

Turkish Basibozuk (“corrupted head,” or “leaderless”), mercenary soldier belonging to the skirmishing or irregular troops of the Ottoman Empire, notorious for their indiscipline, plundering, and brutality. Originally describing the homeless beggars who reached Istanbul from the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, the term bashi-bazouk was later applied to all Muslim subjects who were

Smith, Patti

2005-03-07T07:28:00.000-08:00

In full Patti Lee Smith American poet, rock songwriter, and singer. Growing up in New Jersey, Smith won an art scholarship to Glassboro State Teachers College. In 1967 she moved to New York City, where she became active in the downtown Manhattan arts scene, writing poetry and living with the photographer Robert Mapplethorpe. Her performance-driven poetry readings

Nevada, Climate

2005-03-06T02:08:00.000-08:00

The high Sierras along the state's western boundary often cause clouds of Pacific origin to drop their moisture before reaching Nevada, thus producing a semiarid climate. The driest regions are in the southeast and near Carson Sink, where annual rainfall seldom exceeds four inches (100 millimetres). The northeast has as little as eight inches of precipitation, whereas

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui

2005-03-05T20:54:00.000-08:00

Pachacuti first conquered various peoples in what is now southern Peru and then extended his power

Cosby, Bill

2005-03-04T23:59:00.000-08:00

Cosby left high school without earning his diploma and joined the U.S. Navy in 1956. While enlisted he passed a high school equivalency exam, and after his discharge he received an athletic scholarship to Temple

Sogdian Art

2005-03-04T07:54:00.000-08:00

Rich body of pre-Muslim Central Asian visual arts that was created between roughly the 5th and 9th centuries and is represented most notably by finds at Pendzhikent and Varakhsha, town principalities in Sogdiana. Many cultural streams united there: the remains of Sasanian culture, of post-Gupta India, and of China of the Sui and T'ang periods. Wall painting and carved wood

Water

2005-03-04T05:46:00.000-08:00

A substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Water is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. It is vital to life, participating in virtually every process that occurs in plants and animals. Although the molecules of water are simple in structure (H2O), the physical and chemical properties

Extremum

2005-03-03T21:47:00.000-08:00

Plural Extrema, in calculus, any point at which the value of a function is largest (a maximum) or smallest (a minimum). There are both absolute and relative (or local) maxima and minima. At a relative maximum the value of the function is larger than its value at immediately adjacent points, while at an absolute maximum the value of the function is larger than its value at any other point in

Paramanuchit

2005-03-02T22:13:00.000-08:00

Paramanuchit's masterpiece is the Taleng Phai (“The Defeat of the Mons”), the heroic epic of the struggle of King Naresvara

Usumacinta River

2005-03-02T15:09:00.000-08:00

The Usumacinta River flows northwestward, receiving the Lacantum River and forming the border between

Narratology

2005-03-02T07:05:00.000-08:00

The foundations of narratology

Danish Language

2005-02-28T21:59:00.000-08:00

Danish Dansk the official language of Denmark, spoken there by more than 5 million people. Danish belongs to the East Scandinavian branch of North Germanic languages. It began to separate from the other Scandinavian languages, to which it is closely related, about AD 1000. The oldest Danish records are runic inscriptions (c. AD 250–800) found from Jutland to southern Sweden; the earliest manuscripts

Seibert, Florence

2005-02-28T21:40:00.000-08:00

Seibert contracted polio at age three, but became an outstanding student, graduating at the top of her high-school class and winning a scholarship to Goucher College, Towson, Maryland, from which she

Mondoñedo

2005-02-28T18:19:00.000-08:00

City, Lugo province, comunidad autónoma (“autonomous community”) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It lies along the Masma River, 27 miles (43 km) north of Lugo, the provincial capital. Mondoñedo occupies a sheltered valley among the northern outliers of the Cantabrian Mountains. The city has been an episcopal see since the 12th century. The principal building is the cathedral

Gauge

2005-02-28T03:12:00.000-08:00

Also called Railway Gauge, in railroad transportation, the width between the inside faces of running rails. Because the cost of construction and operation of a rail line is greater or less depending on the gauge, much controversy has surrounded decisions in respect to it, and a proliferation of gauges has developed throughout the world. A narrow gauge has, in addition to cost advantages, a capability

Ahmad Ibn Hanbal

2005-02-27T22:14:00.000-08:00

Of pure Arab stock, Ibn Hanbal belonged to the tribe of Shayban through both parents. He was still an infant when his father died at 30. When Ibn Hanbal was 15 he began to study the Traditions (Hadith) of the Prophet Muhammad. Seeking to learn from the great masters of his day, he travelled to the cities of Kufah and Basra in Iraq; Mecca, Hejaz, and Medina in Arabia; and to the lands of Yemen and

Furniture, France

2005-02-27T20:45:00.000-08:00

The transitional phase in French furniture from Baroque to Rococo is called Régence. The heavy, monumental style of the earlier part of Louis's reign was gradually replaced by a lighter and more fluent curvilinear style. The leading exponent of the Régence style was Charles Cressent, ébéniste (“cabinetmaker”) to the regent Philippe II, duc d'Orléans. In his work the ormolu

Botta, Paul-émile

2005-02-27T20:19:00.000-08:00

The son of a distinguished historian, Carlo Botta, he was educated as a physician. In 1842 he secured an appointment

Pittsburgh

2005-02-27T11:26:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1788) of Allegheny county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. The city is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which unite at the point of the “Golden Triangle” (the business district) to form the Ohio River. A city of hills, parks, and valleys, it is the centre of an urban industrial complex that includes the surrounding cities of Aliquippa

China, Attacks on cultural figures

2005-02-24T16:18:00.000-08:00

As the Cultural Revolution

Pytheas

2005-02-24T02:45:00.000-08:00

Sailing from the Mediterranean Sea into the Atlantic, Pytheas stopped at the Phoenician city of

Tar Sand

2005-02-24T02:09:00.000-08:00

Deposits of bitumen, like those of other heavy hydrocarbons, are thought to be degraded remnants of accumulations of conventional

Epistemology, Origins of knowledge

2005-02-24T01:10:00.000-08:00

Philosophers not only wish to know what knowledge is but also how it originates. This motivation is based, at least in part, on the supposition that an investigation into the provenance of knowledge can help cast light on its nature. From the time of the Greeks to the present, therefore, one of the major themes of epistemology has been a quest into the sources of

Biblical Literature, Textual ambiguities

2005-02-23T17:03:00.000-08:00

The writing called the Letter to the Hebrews, which was known and accepted in the Eastern church by the 2nd century, was included also by the Western church as the 14th Pauline epistle when the canon of East and West was assimilated and fixed in 367. Hebrews has no salutation giving the name of either the writer or the addressees, although it does have a doxology and greeting

Van Buren, Hannah

2005-02-22T19:58:00.000-08:00

Little is known about Hannah, who died of tuberculosis about a month before her 36th birthday. She did not leave writing of her own, and Martin, who never remarried, did not mention even her name in the autobiography he wrote late in life. Their sons were all bachelors when Martin became president in 1837. The following year Abraham married Angelica Singleton, who served as White House hostess until Martin's term ended in 1841.

Cino Da Pistoia,

2005-02-22T10:06:00.000-08:00

Born into an aristocratic Pistoian family, Cino studied law at the University of Bologna. He became involved in Pistoian politics and

Pacific Ocean, Exploration in the 20th century

2005-02-21T18:27:00.000-08:00

Among the most important 20th-century expeditions to the Pacific were those of the American ship Carnegie (1928–29), the Danish vessel Dana II (1928–1930), the Swedish ship Albatross (1947–48), and the Danish ship Galathea (1950–52). In the late 1950s the Soviet vessel Vityaz carried out detailed soundings of the deep trenches of the western Pacific, and in 1960 the American bathyscaphe Trieste descended to the bottom

United States, The Jeffersonian Republicans in power

2005-02-21T17:56:00.000-08:00

By the start of Jefferson's second term in office, Europe was engulfed in the Napoleonic Wars. The United States remained neutral, but both Britain and France imposed various orders and decrees severely restricting American trade with Europe and confiscated American ships for violating the new rules. Britain also conducted impressment raids in which U.S. citizens were sometimes seized. Unable to agree to treaty terms with Britain, Jefferson tried to coerce both Britain and France into ceasing to violate “neutral rights” with a total embargo on American exports, enacted by Congress in 1807. The results were catastrophic for American commerce and produced bitter alienation in New England, where the embargo (written backward as “O grab me”) was held to be a Southern plot to destroy New England's wealth. In 1809, shortly after Madison was elected president, the embargo act was repealed.

Oratorio

2005-02-21T08:11:00.000-08:00

A large-scale musical composition on a sacred or semisacred subject, for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra. An oratorio's text is usually based on scripture, and the narration necessary to move from scene to scene is supplied by recitatives sung by various voices to prepare the way for airs and choruses. A basically dramatic method is used in all successful oratorios,

Ramananda

2005-02-20T09:34:00.000-08:00

Ramananda left home as a youth and became a sannyasin (ascetic) before settling in Varanasi (Benares) to study Vedic texts, Ramanuja's philosophy,

Thomas, William

2005-02-19T22:49:00.000-08:00

Originally a land surveyor, Thomas was ordained in the Calvinistic Methodist ministry in 1859. From

East Greenland Orogen

2005-02-19T13:56:00.000-08:00

Also called East Greenland Geosyncline a linear orogenic (mountain) belt that developed from late Precambrian time to the middle of the Paleozoic Era (roughly 650 million to 350 million years ago) along a portion of the eastern coast of Greenland. Deformation occurred during several phases of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain-building episode) between Late Silurian and Late Devonian times (about 423 million to 354 million

Field, Marshall

2005-02-18T20:33:00.000-08:00

Born on a farm, Field became at 16 an errand boy in a dry-goods store in Pittsfield, Mass., where he developed rapidly into an adept salesman. After going to

Arabia, History Of, The Ottomans

2005-02-17T23:47:00.000-08:00

In 1517 the Ottoman sultan Selim I conquered Egypt and proclaimed the Hejaz part of the Ottoman dominions. Sharif Barakat II of Mecca sent his son to negotiate at the Ottoman court and was confirmed as lord of the Holy Cities and Jiddah, subject to recognizing the Ottoman sultan as overlord. Selim's successor, Süleyman I the Magnificent, at the zenith of Ottoman power, munificently

Tierra Del Fuego

2005-02-17T14:55:00.000-08:00

Provincia, southern Argentina, consisting of the eastern half of the triangular island of Tierra del Fuego (Spanish: “Land of Fire”), lying between the Strait of Magellan (north) and Beagle Channel (south) at the southern extremity of South America. Argentina also claims as part of this province a number of South Atlantic islands and a portion of the Antarctic continent

Saudi Arabia, Foreign affairs under Sa'ud and Faysal

2005-02-16T08:32:00.000-08:00

After World War II the United States became the most influential foreign power in Saudi Arabia. American interest was directed

Ta Hsüeh

2005-02-16T00:18:00.000-08:00

Ta hsüeh states that world peace is impossible unless a ruler first regulates

Regal

2005-02-15T22:35:00.000-08:00

Also called Reed Organ, a small, easily portable pipe organ usually having only a single set, or rank, of reed pipes. The beating reeds are surmounted by small resonators, producing a nasal, buzzing tone. Wind under pressure to sound the pipes is supplied by one or two bellows attached to the instrument and operated by the player or an assistant. The so-called bible regal, of the 16th century and later,

Arts, Central Asian, Dance and theatre

2005-02-14T13:42:00.000-08:00

Mircea Eliade, Le Chamanisme et les techniques archaïques de l'extase (1951; 2nd ed., 1968; Eng. trans., Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, rev. ed., 1964), a classic study of the rituals, costumes, and symbolisms of shamanic performances; Luther G. Jerstad (op. cit.), an analytical and descriptive study of 'cham as performed in the Tengpoche monastery of northern Nepal. Materials and translations of some morality plays have been published by Marion H. Duncan in his Harvest Festival Dramas of Tibet (1955) and More Harvest Festival Dramas of Tibet (1967); and a study of the “Moon-cuckoo” play of the Mongols has been published in Japanese by Hidehiro Okada. Information on the performing arts may be found scattered in various other publications, but it is usually descriptive in nature and deals with only one genre. As yet no scholar has carried out a comprehensive analytical study of the origins and interrelations of dance and theatre in Central Asian regions.

Gradus

2005-02-14T10:40:00.000-08:00

A dictionary of Greek or Latin prosody and poetic phrases used as an aid in the writing of verse in Greek or Latin. The term is derived from the Gradus ad Parnassum (“A Step to Parnassus”), a 17th-century prosody dictionary long used in British schools.

Venice Palace, Museum Of The

2005-02-14T05:55:00.000-08:00

Italian Museo Di Palazzo Venezia, in Rome, museum occupying part of the papal apartment of the first great Renaissance palace of Rome. Dating from the middle of the 15th century, the Palazzo Venezia was built for Cardinal Pietro Barbo, later Pope Paul II. Displayed are fine medieval and Renaissance sculptures and a series of 15th-century carved and inlayed cassoni, or chests. Paintings include works attributed

Cronjé, Pieter Arnoldus

2005-02-13T21:56:00.000-08:00

Cronjé was born in the Cape Colony but was taken in early life to the Transvaal, during the Great Trek. In the Transvaal, in November 1880, he began a rebellion against British rule, leading resistance to the distraint

Stabiae

2005-02-13T11:56:00.000-08:00

The town was originally settled by Oscan-speaking people, the native inhabitants of Campania. It entered the Social War (the “war of the allies” against Rome) in 90 BC and was destroyed

Abo Blood Group System

2005-02-13T02:03:00.000-08:00

Method of classifying human blood on the basis of the inherited properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by their possession or lack of the so-called antigens A (including A1 and A2) and B. Persons may, thus, have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. (Antigens of other blood group systems may also be present.) The A, B, and O blood groups were first identified by

Furniture, Metal

2005-02-12T04:36:00.000-08:00

Metals have been used since antiquity for making furniture or ornaments for furniture. Splendid Egyptian pieces, such as the thrones and stool that were found in the tomb of the youthful Tutankhamen (14th century BC), were rich in gold mounts (decorative details). In ancient Greece, bronze, iron, and silver were used for making furniture. Finds that were buried in the ashes

South Africa, The arts

2005-02-11T18:30:00.000-08:00

The many languages spoken by South Africa's people reflect the country's cultural diversity. The Africans have adopted a host of Western ways, but a core of African cultural traditions of language, music, and dance retains its vitality and has contributed to a distinctly South African fusion of cultural forms. Some of the better-known features of that fusion appear

Ear Disease

2005-02-11T05:09:00.000-08:00

Diseases of the outer ear are those that afflict skin, cartilage, and the glands and hair follicles in the outer-ear canal. The sound-transmitting function of the outer ear is impaired when the ear canal becomes filled with tumour, infected material, or earwax (cerumen), so that sound cannot reach the tympanic membrane, or eardrum. The most common diseases of the outer

Novello, Antonia

2005-02-10T21:05:00.000-08:00

Antonia Coello suffered from a painful colon condition from birth until she underwent corrective surgery at age 18. This experience influenced her to train as a physician in order to help minimize suffering in others. After

Hyperventilation

2005-02-10T14:02:00.000-08:00

Rapid shallow breathing that provides the body with an excess of oxygen and a deficit of carbon dioxide. It most commonly occurs as a manifestation of anxiety or hysteria. It also occurs among pilots in unpressurized planes at high altitudes, who take short, rapid breaths rather than the normal slow, deep ones, in order to compensate for the smaller amount of available

Aeroflot

2005-02-08T16:08:00.000-08:00

The Soviet state airline was founded in 1928 under the name Dobroflot and was reorganized under the name Aeroflot in 1932. Dobroflot, or Dobrovolny Flot, grew out of two former airlines: Dobrolyot, founded in 1923, and Ukvozdukhput, or Ukrainian Airways, founded in 1925. These airlines together connected such

Forel, Auguste-henri

2005-02-08T14:45:00.000-08:00

Forel studied medicine at the University of Zürich from 1866 to 1871 and then did work in neuroanatomy at the University of Vienna, where he received his medical degree in 1872. In 1879 he was appointed director of the Burghölzli Asylum

Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry

2005-02-08T11:35:00.000-08:00

Educated at Dulwich College (1887–90), Shackleton entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sublieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. He joined Captain Robert Falcon Scott's British National Antarctic (Discovery) Expedition (1901–04) as third

ShutTongue

Ren Essential Moroccan Rose Oil

Corbeil-essonnes

Water Snake

Janácek, Leo

Qatar

Wellesz, Egon (joseph)

Arcturus

Aznar, José María

Augereau, Pierre-françois-charles, Duc De Castiglione

Amara, Lucine

Berchtesgaden

Jaboatão

Bara

Frederick William Iii

Jaboatão

Kudamatsu

Arizona, Cultural life

Tasmania, Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

Munch, Peter Rochegune

Sicyon

Koch, Ilsa

Arupa-loka

Czech Republic, Flag Of The

Bijapur

Tasmania, Education

Wang An-shih

Farinati, Paolo

Rockefeller, John D., Jr.

Tung-t'ing Lake

Hook, Theodore Edward

China, Attacks on party members

Eastern Africa, History Of, The Solomonids

Hoosac Tunnel

Performing Arts, World Dance

Bara, Theda

Rollinia

Mädler, Johann Heinrich Von

Schäffle, Albert

Quadruple Alliance

Wilder, Billy

Earth, Paleoclimatological data

Clapham Sect

Hinayana

Anquetil-duperron, A(braham)-h(yacinthe)

Turin, University Of

France, History Of, Constitution of the Fourth Republic

Thomas Cup

Aesthetics, Three approaches to aesthetics

Bashi-bazouk

Smith, Patti

Nevada, Climate

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui

Cosby, Bill

Sogdian Art

Water

Extremum

Paramanuchit

Usumacinta River

Narratology

Danish Language

Seibert, Florence

Mondoñedo

Gauge

Ahmad Ibn Hanbal

Furniture, France

Botta, Paul-émile

Pittsburgh

China, Attacks on cultural figures

Pytheas

Tar Sand

Epistemology, Origins of knowledge

Biblical Literature, Textual ambiguities

Van Buren, Hannah

Cino Da Pistoia,

Pacific Ocean, Exploration in the 20th century

United States, The Jeffersonian Republicans in power

Oratorio

Ramananda

Thomas, William

Janácek, Leo